關(guān)于職稱英語考試?yán)砉ゎ愰喿x理解練習(xí)題
20xx年職稱英語考試?yán)砉ゎ愰喿x理解練習(xí)題
Going Her Own Way
When she was twelve, Maria made her first important decision about the course of her life. She decided that she wanted to continue her education, Most girls from middle-class families chose to stay home after primary school，though some attended private Catholic "finishing" schools. There they learned a little about music，art，needlework，and how to make polite conversation. This was not the sort of education that interested Maria —or her mother. By this time，she had begun to take her studies more seriously. She read constantly and brought her books everywhere. One time she even brought her math book to the theater and tried to study in the dark.
Maria knew that she wanted to go on learning in a serious way. That meant attending the public high school，something that very few girls did. In Italy at the time，there were two types of high schools: the "classical" schools and the "technical" schools. In the classical schools，the students followed a very traditional program of studies，with courses in Latin and Greek language and literature，and Italian literature and history1. The few girls who continued studying after primary school usually chose these schools.
Maria，however，wanted to attend a technical school. The technical schools were more modem than the classical schools and they offered courses in modern languages，mathematics，science，and accounting2.Most people — including Maria's father — believed that girls would never be able to understand these subjects. Furthermore，they did not think it was proper for girls to study them.
Maria did not care if it was proper or not. Math and science were the subjects that interested her most. But before she could sign up for the technical school，she had to win her father' sapproval. She finally did，with her mother's help，though for many years after，there was tension in the family. Maria's father continued to oppose her plans，while her mother helped her.
In 1883，at age thirteen，Maria entered the "Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti" in Rome. Her experience at this school is difficult for us to imagine. Though the courses included modern subjects，the teaching methods were very traditional. Learning consisted of memorizing long lists of facts and repeating them back to the teacher. Students were not supposed to ask questions or think for themselves in any way. Teachers were very demanding，discipline in the classroom was strict，and punishment was severe for those who failed to achieve or were disobedient.
詞匯:
discipline /'disiplin/ n. 紀(jì)律，學(xué)科，訓(xùn)練，懲罰 punishment / 'p?ni?m?nt/ n. 懲罰，嚴(yán)厲對待，虐待
注釋:
1. In the classical schools，the students followed a very traditional program of studies，with courses in Latin and Greek language and literature，and Italian literature and history. 在傳統(tǒng)學(xué)校中，學(xué)生們都依照一種非常傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)方式學(xué)習(xí)，包含拉丁語、希臘語與文學(xué)課，還有意大利文學(xué)與歷史。
2. The technical schools were more modem than the classical schools and they offered courses in modern languages，mathematics，science，and accounting. 技術(shù)學(xué)校比傳統(tǒng)學(xué)校要現(xiàn)代得多， 他們提供的課程有現(xiàn)代語言、數(shù)學(xué)、自然科學(xué)，以及會計學(xué)。
練習(xí):
1.Maria wanted to attend________.
A.private “finishing” school
B.school with Latin and Greek
C.technical high school
D.school for art and music
2.In those days, most Italian girls________.
A.went to classical schools
B.went to “finishing” schools
C.did not go to high school
D.went to technical schools
3.You can infer from this passage that________.
A.girls usually attended private primary schools
B.only boys usually attended technical schools
C.girls did not like going to school
D.only girls attended classical schools
4.Maria’s father probably________.
A.had very modern views about women
B.had very traditional views about women
C.had no opinion about women
D.thought women could not learn Latin
5.High school teachers in Italy In those days were________.
A.very modern
B.very intelligent
C.quite scientific
D.quite strict
答案與題解：
1. C 本題的問題是：Maria想去個怎樣的學(xué)校?由文中第三段可明確得出結(jié)論�！癕aria, however, wanted to attend a technical school .” A, B, D項(xiàng)均有明顯錯誤。
2. C 本題的問題是：在當(dāng)時的意大利大多數(shù)女孩的選擇是什么?由文中的第一段可知“Most girls from middle-–class families chose to stay home after primary school ,”所以本題的正確答案為C。
3. B 本題為推理題，問題是：從全文可以得出什么樣的結(jié)論?A選項(xiàng)未提及。C選項(xiàng)錯誤，原文只說大多數(shù)女孩子都選擇呆在家里，并未說她們都不喜歡讀書。D選項(xiàng)錯誤，原文只說就算是上學(xué)的話大多數(shù)女孩子都選擇傳統(tǒng)學(xué)校，而并非只有女孩子可以去。所以正確答案為B。
4. B 本題問的是：Maria的父親對女性的態(tài)度是什么?由文中第三段倒數(shù)第二句“Most people—including Maria’s father —believed in the girls would never be able to understand these subjects.”可以得出答案，父親和大多數(shù)人一樣都持傳統(tǒng)觀念。
5. D 本題的問題是：當(dāng)時的意大利高中教師是怎樣的?從文中最后一段可以得出結(jié)論“Teachers were very demanding, discipline in the classroom was strict, and punishment was severe for those who failed to achieve or were disobedient,”故正確答案為D。
2015年職稱英語考試?yán)砉ゎ愰喿x理解預(yù)測題
Pop Music in Africa
Young musicians in African countries are creating a new kind of pop music. The tunes and the rhythms of their music combine African traditions with various forms of music popular today, such as hip-hop, rap, rock, jazz, or reggae. The result is music that may sound familiar to listeners anywhere in the world, but at the same time is distinctly African. It is different also in another way: Many of the songs are very serious and they deal with important social or political issues in Africa today.
Eric Wainaina is one of these African musicians. He grew up in Nairobi, Kenya, in a family of musicians. As a teenager, he listened to pop music from the United States, and later he moved to Boston to study at the Berklee College of Music. Now he has produced a CD in Kenya. Eric's most popular song, "Land of ‘A Little Something’” is about Kenya's problem of bribery, or paying others for illegal favors. He wants people to listen to his songs and think about how to make Kenya a better place to live.
Another musician who writes serious songs is Witness Mwaijaga from Tanzania. Her own experiences have helped her understand the suffering of many African women. At the age of fifteen she lost her home, but she was luckier than other homeless young people. She could make a living by writing songs and singing on the street. By the time she was eighteen years old, she had become a star. Her songs are written in rap or hip-hop style about the problems that she sees in Tanzania, especially AIDS and the lack of rights for women1.
Baaba Maal, from Senegal, also feels that pop music must go beyond entertainment. He says that in Senegal, storytellers have always been important people. In the past, they were the ones who kept the history of their people alive. Baaba believes that songwriters now have a similar responsibility. They must write about the world around them and help people understand how it could be better. The words of his songs are important, in fact. They speak of peace and cooperation among Africans, as well as the rights of women, love for one' s family, and saving the environment2.
One of South Africa's most popular musicians is Brenda Fassie. She is sometimes compared to Madonna, the American pop star, because she likes to shock people in her shows. But she also likes to make people think. She became famous in the 1980s for her simple pop songs against apartheid. Now that apartheid has ended, her songs are about other issues in South African culture and life. To sing about these, she uses local African languages and a new pop style called kwaito.
In recent years, people outside of Africa have also begun to listen to these young musicians. Through music, the younger generation of Africans are connecting with the rest of the world and, at the same time, influencing the rest of the world.
詞匯：
reggae /'regei/ n. 瑞格舞(西印度群島的舞曲) bribery /'braib?ri/ n. 行賄，賄賂
apartheid / ? 'P a:theit / n. 種族隔離
注釋：
1. Her songs are written in rap or hip-hop style about the problems that she sees in Tanzania, especially AIDS and the lack of rights for women. 她用嘻哈和說唱的風(fēng)格寫歌，歌曲的內(nèi)容是 坦桑尼亞的各種問題，特別是艾滋和女性權(quán)利的缺失。
2. They speak of peace and cooperation among Africans, as well as the rights of women, love for one's family, and saving the environment. 他倡導(dǎo)在非洲要和平與協(xié)作，同時也包括婦女權(quán)利、熱愛家庭和保護(hù)環(huán)境。
練習(xí)：
1. This passage is about how African pop music is_______.
A) usually about love and romance
B) more serious than most pop music
C) popular with young people in Africa
D) mostly written just for entertainment
2. For people outside of Africa, African pop music is _______.
A) the same as other pop music
B) not usually very interesting
C) entirely strange to them
D) both familiar and different
3. The musicians mentioned in this passage all_______.
A) write about serious problems
B) studied in the United States
C) lost their homes at a young age
D) write songs in a new pop style
4. Eric Wainaina_______.
A) prefers to sing in English
B) listened to traditional music
C) studied music in Boston
D) performs only in the United States
5. Witness Mwaijaga writes about the problem of women partly because_______.
A) she was had a difficult life herself
B) there are many problems in Tanzania
C) she has had an easy life herself
D) there are no other women singers
答案與題解：
1. B 本題的問題是：非洲流行音樂的不同之處是什么?由第一段倒數(shù)第一句可以得出答案�！癐t is different also in another way : Many of the songs are very serious and they deal with important social or political issues in Africa today.” A,D項(xiàng)錯誤，C項(xiàng)未提及。
2.D 本題的問題是：對于非洲以外的人來說，非洲流行音樂給他們的感覺是什么?從第一段可以得出答案。“The result is music that may sound familiar to listeners anywhere in the world , but at the same time is distinctly Afican.”故正確選項(xiàng)為D。
3. A 本題的問題是：全文所提到的音樂家的共同的特點(diǎn)是什么?總覽全文可以得出結(jié)論。全文通篇在講有關(guān)社會和政治等嚴(yán)肅主題的音樂，故正確答案為A。B,C,D都有明顯的錯誤。
4. C 本題的問題是：Eric Wainaina的成長細(xì)節(jié)。由第二段可以得出答案�！啊璦nd later he moved to Boston to study at the Berklee College of Music.” 其余選項(xiàng)均有錯誤。
5. A 本題的問題是：Witness Mwaijaga 寫有關(guān)女人的問題的原因是什么?答案在第三段第二句“Her own experiences have helped her understand the suffering of many African women.”明顯可見是她有切身經(jīng)歷。所以正確答案為A。
2015年職稱英語考試?yán)砉ゎ愰喿x理解模擬練習(xí)
Why So Many Children?
In many of the developing countries in Africa and Asia , the population is growing fast . The reason for this is simple : Women in these countries have a high birth rate — from 3.0 to 7.0 children per woman . The majority of these women are poor , without the food or resources to care for their families ? The answer may be that they often have no choice . There are several reasons for this .
One reason is economic . In a traditional agricultural economy , large families are helpful .
Having more children means having more workers in the fields and someone to take care of the parents in old age1. In an industrial economy, the situation is different. Many children , do not help a family; instead, they are an expense. Thus, industrialization has generally brought down the birth rate. This was the case in Italy, which was industrialized quite recently and rapidly. In the early part of the twentieth century, Italy was a poor, largely agricultural country with a high birth rate. After World WarⅡ, Italy’s economy was rapidly modernized and industrialized. By the end of the century, the birth rate had dropped to 1. 3 children per woman, the world’s lowest.
However, the economy is not the only important factor that influences birth rate. Saudi Arabia, for example, does not have an agriculture-based economy, and it has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world. Nevertheless, it also has a very high birth rate(7.0). Mexico and Indonesia, on the other hand, are poor countries, with largely agricultural economies, but they have recently reduced their population growth.
Clearly, other factors are involved. The most important of these is the condition of women. A high birth rate almost always goes together with lack of education and low status for women.2 This would explain the high birth rate of Saudi Arabia. There, the traditional culture gives women little education or independence and few possibilities outside the home. On the other hand, the improved condition of women in Mexico, Thailand, and Indonesia explains the decline in birth rates in these countries. Their governments have taken measures to provide more education and opportunities for women.
Another key factor in the birth rate is birth control. Women may want to limit their families but have no way to do so. In countries where governments have made birth control easily available and inexpensive, birth rates have gone down. This is the case in Singapore, Sri Lanka, and India, as well as in Indonesia, Thailand, Mexico, and Brazil. In these countries, women have also been provided with health care and help in planning their families.
These trends show that an effective program to reduce population growth does not have to depend on better economic conditions.3 It can be effective if it aims to help women and meet their needs. Only then, in fact, does it have any real chance of success.
詞匯：
industrialization / in’d?stri?lai’zei??n/ n. 工業(yè)
possibility /p?s?’bil?ti/ n. 可能性，可能發(fā)生的事物
effective /i’fektiv/ adj. 有效的，起作用的，實(shí)際的
注釋：
1. In a traditional agricultural economy, large families are helpful. Having more children means having more workers in the fields and someone to take care of the parents in old age. 傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)中，家庭成員數(shù)目多是十分有利的。孩子多意味著田里的勞動力多且有人給父母養(yǎng)老。
2. A high birth rate almost always goes together with lack of education and low status for women. 高的生育率往往與婦女缺乏教育與社會地位低下相關(guān)。
3. These trends show that an effective program to reduce population growth does not have to depend on better economic conditions. 這些趨勢表明有效的控制人口的方案并不依賴于良好的'經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況。
練習(xí)：
1. In a traditional agricultural economy, a large family_______.
A. can be an advantage
B. may limit income
C. isn’t necessary
D. is expensive
2. When countries become industrialized, _______.
A. families often become larger
B. the birth rate generally goes down
C. women usually decide not have a family
D. the population generally grows rapidly
3. According to this passage, Italy today is an example of an _______.
A. agricultural country with a high birth rate
B. agricultural country with a low birth rate
C. industrialized country with a low birth rate
D. industrialized country with a high birth rate
4. Saudi Arabia is mentioned in the passage because it shows that _______.
A. the most important factor influencing birth rate is the economy
B. factors other than the economy influence birth rate
C. women who have a high income usually have few children
D. the birth rate depends on per capita income
5. In Mexico, Thailand, and Indonesia, the government _______.
A. is not concerned about the status of women
B. has tried to industrialize the country rapidly
C. does not allow women to work outside the home
D. has tried to improve the condition of women
答案與題解：
1. A 本題的問題是：在傳統(tǒng)的農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)中，大的家庭的影響是什么?從文中第二段第二句和第三句話可以得出明確的答案�！癐n a traditional agricultural economy, large families are helpful. Having more children means having more workers in the fields and someone to take care of the parents in old age.”所以答案為A，是優(yōu)勢。
2. B 本題的問題是：當(dāng)國家工業(yè)化后，人口和出生率的狀況是什么?從第二段意大利的例子可以明確得出答案�！癐n the early part of the twentieth century, Italy was a poor, largely agricultural country with a high birth rate. After World War Ⅱ, Italy’s economy was rapidly modernized and industrialized.”由此可見出生率降低。
3. C 本題的問題是：本文舉出意大利的例子要說明什么?從第二段意大利的前后對比的情況可以看出正確答案為C。
4. B 本題的問題是：文中提到沙特阿拉伯的例子說明了什么?由第三段開頭可知“However, the economy is not the only important factor that influences birth rate.”下面將要介紹其他的因素，之后以沙特阿拉伯為例。故正確答案為B。經(jīng)濟(jì)以外影響出生率的因素。
5. D本題的問題是：墨西哥、泰國、印度尼西亞的政府采取了怎樣的措施?從文中第四段后半部分“On the other hand, the improved condition of women in Mexico, Thailand, and Indonesia explains the decline in birth rates in these countries. Their governments have taken measures to provide more education and opportunities for women.”可以得出結(jié)論。另一方面從第四段開頭也可以得出結(jié)論。“The most important of these is the condition of women.”之后舉出這幾個國家的例子，從而也可以得出結(jié)論。
2016年職稱英語考試?yán)砉ゎ愅晷翁羁站毩?xí)
An Intelligent Car(智能汽車)
Driving needs sharp eyes, keen ears, quick brain, and coordination between hands and the brain. Many human drivers have all these and can control a fast-moving car. But how does an intelligent car control itself?
There is a virtual driver in the smart car. This virtual driver has “eyes”, “brains”, “hands” and “feet”, too. The minicameras on each side of the car are his “eyes”, which observe the road conditions ahead of it. They watch the traffic to the car’s left and right. There is also a highly automatic driving system in the car. It is the built-in computer, which is the virtual driver’s “brain”. His “brain” calculates the speeds of other moving cars near it and analyzes their positions. Basing on this information, it chooses the right path for the intelligent car, and gives instructions to the “hands” and “feet” to act accordingly. In this way, the virtual driver controls his car.
What is the virtual driver’s best advantage? He reacts quickly. The minicameras are sending images continuously to the “brain.” It completes the processing of the images within 100 milliseconds. However, the world’s best driver at least needs one second to react. Besides, when he takes action, he needs one more second.
The virtual driver is really wonderful. He can reduce the accident rate considerably on expressways. In this case, can we let him have the wheel at any time and in amy place? Experts warn that we cannot do that just yet. His ability to recognize things is still limited . He can now only drive an intelligent car on expressways.
智能汽車
開車需要目光銳利、耳朵靈敏、反應(yīng)敏捷和手腦間的協(xié)作。許多人類司機(jī)這些條件部具備，并可控制一輛急速行駛的汽車，但一輛智能車如何進(jìn)行自控?
智能車中有一位虛擬駕駛員。這位司機(jī)同樣有“眼”，有“腦”，有“手”，有“腳”。車兩側(cè)的微型攝像頭就是他的眼，負(fù)責(zé)觀察車前方的路況。他們注意著車兩側(cè)的交通情況，車中也有高度自動化的駕駛系統(tǒng)。這就是內(nèi)置的電腦，也就是虛擬司機(jī)的大腦。這個大腦計算出車近旁正在運(yùn)動車輛的速度，并分析它們的位置�；谶@些信息，它為智能車選擇昀佳路徑，并給出指示以讓手腳做出相應(yīng)運(yùn)動。通過這樣的方式，虛擬司機(jī)就對車輛實(shí)行了控制。
虛擬司機(jī)的昀大優(yōu)點(diǎn)是什么?他的反應(yīng)速度很快。微型攝像頭不斷向“大腦”發(fā)送圖像數(shù)據(jù)。他完成圖像處理的時間為100毫秒。然而，世界上昀優(yōu)秀的人類司機(jī)也至少需要1秒鐘的反應(yīng)時間。當(dāng)他作出行動時，又多得一秒。
虛擬司機(jī)的確很棒。在高速公路上，他可大大減少事故發(fā)生率。鑒于此，我們是否可以讓他在任何時間任何地點(diǎn)都駕駛汽車呢?專家們警告說，我們現(xiàn)在還不能這樣做。智能車辨別事物的能力還很有限。目前，這種車只能在高速公路上行駛。
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